| acpi | |
| adduser | |
| arch | |
| badblocks | searches a device (usually a disk partition) for bad blocks. |
| basename | prints the last part of a directory (usually the file) and optionally removes a file's suffix. |
| base64 | Encoding to and from Base64. |
| bc | Compare with dc |
| blockdev | Call block device ioctls. |
| cal | displays calendars. |
| cat | concatenates files and prints them on stdout. |
| chage | changes a user's password expiry information. |
| chattr | |
| chfn | changes a user's full name (and other information commonly referred to as *finger information) |
| chmod | to change the file mode bits |
| chpassswd | changes user passwords in batch mode. |
| chgpasswd | changes group password in batch mode. |
| chroot | changes the root directory. |
| chsh | to change a user's default login shell. |
| cmp | |
| column | |
| cp | copies files and directories. (Compare with mv and rm) |
| cpio | copies files to and from archives. |
| cut | |
| date | |
| dc | reverse-polish notation desk calculator with arbitrary precision. Compare with bc |
| dd | read from an input file stream and to write to an output file stream; perform encoding conversions. |
| debugfs | is an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem debugger. |
| df | displays the amount of available space on a file system. |
| diff | compares file line by line. |
| dig | |
| dircolors | |
| dirname | removes the last part of a path (usually a file) |
| dmesg | prints or controls the kernel ring buffer. |
| dos2unix | |
| du | |
| dumpkeys | |
dumpe2fs | prints ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem superblock information. |
| efivar | |
| evtest | |
| expect | is able to communicate with other programms. |
| expiry | checks and forces the current password expiration policy |
| exportfs | |
| expr | |
e2fsck | checks an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system. |
| e2undo | replays the undo log of an ext2/ext3/ext4 Filesystem. |
| factor | |
| faketime | |
| faillog | examines /var/log/faillog to analyze failed login attempts or set login failure limits. |
| false | |
| fc-match | reports which font will be used if a specific font (name) is requested |
| fc-list | lists installed fonts. |
| fdisk | |
| file | |
| find | searches for files underneath a file/directory hierarchy. |
| findmnt | Lists all mounted filesystems or searches for a filesystem. Compare with mount |
| fmt | |
| free | reports the amount of free and used physical and swap memory. |
| fsck | checks and repairs a file system. |
| fuser | identifies processes that are using files or sockets. |
| gdisk | |
| getconf | |
| getent | finds entries in name service switch libraries. |
getfacl | |
| getkeycodes | prints the kernel mapping from scancode to keycode. |
| gphoto2 | Access file systems of digital cameras. |
| grep | print lines that match a basic regular expressions. |
| groupadd | |
| grub-install | |
| grub-mkconfig | |
| grub-mkimage | |
| grub-mkrescue | |
| grub-probe | |
| grub-setup | |
| gsettings | |
| gfvs-copy | |
| gzip | Compress files. Compare with compress |
| head | |
| hdparm | |
| history | |
| host | |
| hostname | |
| hwclock | |
| hwinfo | |
| iconv | |
| id | prints real and effective user and group ids. |
| ifconfig | |
| ifup | brings a network interface up. |
| info | to read Info documents. |
| insmod | inserts a kernel module into the kernel. Compare with modprobe |
| iostat | |
| ip | show / manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels. |
| ipcs | shows infomration on IPC facilities. |
| iscan | |
| iw | shows and manipulates wireless devices and their configuration. |
| journalctl | prints log entries from systemd's journal. |
| kill | terminates a process. |
| killall | kills processes by name. |
| lastlog | reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user. |
| ld | |
| ldconfig | |
| ldd | prints which shared libraries an executable or shared libary requires. |
| ln | to make links between files. |
| loadkeys | |
| locale | gets locale-specific information |
| localectl | |
| localedef | compiles locale definition files. |
| locale-gen | |
| locate | |
| logger | enters messages into the system log. |
| login | starts a session |
| lpadmin | configures CUPS printers and classes. |
| lpinfo | lists available devices and drivers that are known to the CUPS server. |
| ls | shows the contents of a directory. |
| lsattr | |
| lsblk | |
| lsb_release | |
| lscpu | |
| lshw | lists hardware |
| lsmod | displays loaded kernel modules. |
| lsof | lists open files |
| lspci | lists all connected PCI devices. |
| lsscsi | |
| lsusb | lists USB devices. |
| make-ca.sh | is a script to populate OpenSSL's CApath from a bundle of PEM formatted CAs. |
| man | shows the content of a man page in a shell. |
| mcookie | creates a magic cookie for xauth. |
| mdadm | Manage RAID devices using the Linux md driver |
| md5sum | computes an MD5 message digest or checks a file against the previously created message digest. |
| mkdir | |
| mktemp | create temporary files or directories |
| mkinitcpio | |
| mknod | |
| mkswap | to set up a swap space |
| modinfo | |
| modprobe | adds or removes kernel modules to/from the kernel. Compare with insmod |
| mount | Compare with findmnt |
| mv | Renames («moves») files or directories, compare with cp and rm) |
| namei | |
| nc | A command for «just about everything under the sun invovling TCP, UDP or UNIX-domain sockets. |
| ncal | |
| nload | Display the current network usage |
| nmcli | |
| numfmt | convert numbers from and/or to human readable representations. |
| nproc | Reports the number of CPUs available to the current process. |
| nslookup | |
| od | dumps files in octal and other formats (such as hex numbers). |
| par | |
| parted | |
| passwd | to change a user's password. |
| paste | |
| perf | |
| patch | |
| pgrep | finds processes by their name and attributes, compare with ps |
| pidof | finds a process's process id. |
| pkg-config | Information about installed libraries. |
| pmap | reports the memory map of a process. |
| pr | Paginate or columnate text files for printing |
| prtstat | prints statistics about a process. |
| ps | shows a snapshot of the current processes, compare with pgrep |
| pstree | prints the current processes as a tree. |
| pwconv | creates a /etc/shadow file from a /etc/passwd file. |
| pwd | Returns the current working directory. |
| pv | Display progress of data flowing through a pipeline |
| realpath | prints a relative path into an absolute path. |
| recode | |
| resize2fs | is an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem resizer. |
| rev | reverses the characters of a line. |
| rm | removes files or directories (compare with cp and mv) |
| rmdir | |
| rsync | Tool to copy files |
| rtacct | is a network statistics tool. |
| seq | |
setfacl | |
| setfont | loads an EGA/VGA console font. |
| setterm | sets terminal attributes |
| setxkbmap | |
| shuf | Permutate lines from stdin and write result to stdout. |
| showkey | |
| shutdown | Halt, power-off or reboot the machine |
| sgdisk | |
| sort | sorts lines of text files. |
| [ | |
| ss | Another utility to investigate sockets |
| su | substitutes the user or group to run another command. |
| startx | a front end to xinit |
| stat | |
| strace | Traces system calls and signals. |
| strings | Finds sequences of printable characters |
| stty | Print or change terminal settings. Compare with tty |
| sudo | executes a command as anonther user, typically as root. |
| sudoreplay | replays sudo session logs. |
| swapon | |
| sync | synchronizes cached writes to persistent storage. |
| sysctl | modifes kernel parameters at runtime. |
| systemctl | controls the systemd system and service manager. |
| systool | |
| tac | prints the lines of a file in reverse order. |
| tail | |
| tar | archives a set of files into one file, sometimes to be compressed by gzip. |
| tee | view a command's output and writing it to a file, too. |
| test | can be used to check certain file characteristics (such as readability) and to compare values (for example in if statements) |
| testparm | |
| timedatectl | |
| top | displays the most CPU intensive processes. |
| touch | |
| tput | |
| tr | translates or deletes characters. |
| tree | Show content of directories in a tree like format (indented etc). |
| true | |
| truncate | Resize a file to given size |
| type | |
| tzselect | selects a timezone. |
| udevadm | A udev administration tool. |
| umount | unmounts file systems. |
| uname | print system information such as computer and kernel name or CPU info |
| ufw | |
| uniq | |
| umask | |
| update-ca-certificates | updates /etc/ssl/certs with the certificates that are configured in /etc/ca-certificates.conf. |
| update-grub | |
| uptime | how long has the system been running now. |
| usb-devices | prints details of USB buses and the devices that are connected to them. |
| usbip | The USB/IP client |
| usbipd | The USB/IP Server |
| useradd | to create a new user or update default new user information. |
| userdel | |
| slabtop | displays kernel slab cache information in real time. |
| tty | Prints the name of the terminal connected to STDIN. Compare with stty |
| tload | graphically shows the system load average. |
| valgrind | debugs and profiles Linux executables. |
| vigr | is used to edit /etc/group. |
| vipw | is used to edit /etc/passwd. |
| visudo | is used to edit the sudoers file. |
| vmstat | reports virtual memory statistics. |
| w | shows logged in users, when they logged in and what they're doing. |
| watch | can execute a program in regular intervals |
| wc | Count words, bytes and/or new lines. |
| which | Locates executables or scripts in the directories referenced by the environment variable $PATH. |
| who | shows logged in users. |
| whois | |
| wmctrl | |
| wodim | |
| xargs | |
| xdg-mime | |
| xdg-open | |
| xdpyinfo | |
| xkbprint | |
| xinit | starts the X Server. |
| xmodmap | |
| xtrace | traces the execution of a program by printing the currently executed function. |
| xxd | creates hex dumps or does the reverse. |
| xauth | |
| xev | |
| xinput | |
| xkbcomp | is the X keyboard compiler. |
| xrandr | |
| yes | print a string until killed. |
| zcat | |
| zdump | is the time zone dumper. |
| zenity | |
| zic | is a time zone compiler. |
| zip | packages and compresses archive files. |
| zlib-flate | |