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CPU

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.

Determining the kind of CPU

Linux

On Linux, the kind of the CPU can be determined with 
cat /proc/cpuinfo

Windows

With PowerShell, some characteristics about the available CPUs can be queried like so: 
get-cimInstance -className win32_processor | select deviceId, numberOfCores, threadCount
Alternatively, in a command line: 
get-computerInfo | select-object csProcessors
Or, using the deprecated and possibly not available command line tool WMIC.exe: 
wmic cpu get devideId,numberOfCorse,numberOfLogialProcessors

Topology

A core contains one ore more CPUs.
A socket contains one or more cores.
A book contains one or more sockets.
A node (NUMA) contains one or more books.

SMP

Symetric Multiprocessors.
More than one processors inside the computer.

TODOs

ARM = Acorn Risc Machine.
Intel CPUs

See also

The CPU is connected to peripherals with the PCI.
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
The Shell commands lscpu and nproc.
CPU utilization in a Linux system can be displayed with the ps -o command, using the %cpu format specifier: 
ps -e -o %cpu,exe
Determining the numbers of CPUs with a C program that counts some directories in /sys/devices/system/cpu

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