Excel worksheet functions

Index of functions

Name	Arguments	Description	Comments
`abs`		Returns the absolute value of a number
`accrint`		Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest
`accrintm`		Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity
`acos`		Returns the arccosine of a number
`acosh`		Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number
`acot`		Returns the arccotangent of a number
`acoth`		Returns the hyperbolic arccotangent of a number
`aggregate`	`(funcNum, options, array\|ref…)`	Returns an aggregate in a list or database	Compare with `subTotal()`
`address`	`(row, col, [abs], [a1], [sheetName])`	Returns a textual representaion of a cell (i.e. its address)	`=address(row(), column())` is particularly useful to create a reference to the cell that contains the function. Compare with `indirect()`
`amordegrc`		Returns the depreciation for each accounting period by using a depreciation coefficient
`amorlinc`		Returns the depreciation for each accounting period
`and`		Returns TRUE if all of its arguments are TRUE
`arabic`		Converts a Roman number to Arabic, as a number	Compare with `roman()`
`areas`		Returns the number of areas in a reference
`asc`		Changes full-width (double-byte) English letters or katakana within a character string to half-width (single-byte) characters
`asin`		Returns the arcsine of a number
`asinh`		Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number
`atan`		Returns the arctangent of a number
`atan2`		Returns the arctangent from x- and y-coordinates
`atanh`		Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number
`avedev`		Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points from their mean
`average`		Returns the average of its arguments
`averagea`		Returns the average of its arguments, including numbers, text, and logical values
`averageIf`		Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a given criteria
`averageIfs`		Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all cells that meet multiple criteria.
`bahttext`		Converts a number to text, using the ß (baht) currency format
`base`	`(num, radix [, minLengh])`	Converts a number into a text representation with the given radix (base)	Compare with `decimal()` and the `dec2…()` functions
`besseli`		Returns the modified Bessel function In(x)
`besselj`		Returns the Bessel function Jn(x)
`besselk`		Returns the modified Bessel function Kn(x)
`bessely`		Returns the Bessel function Yn(x)
`betadist`		Returns the beta cumulative distribution function
`beta.dist`		Returns the beta cumulative distribution function
`betainv`		Returns the inverse of the cumulative distribution function for a specified beta distribution
`beta.inv`		Returns the inverse of the cumulative distribution function for a specified beta distribution
`bin2dec`, `bin2hex`, `bin2oct`		Converts a binary number to a decimal, hexadecimal or octal representation
`binomdist`		Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability
`binom.dist`		Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability
`binom.dist.range`		Returns the probability of a trial result using a binomial distribution
`binom.inv`		Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is less than or equal to a criterion value
`bitand`		Returns a Bitwise AND of two numbers
`bitlshift`		Returns a value number shifted left by shift_amount bits
`bitor`		Returns a bitwise OR of 2 numbers
`bitrshift`		Returns a value number shifted right by shift_amount bits
`bitxor`		Returns a bitwise Exclusive OR of two numbers
`call`		Calls a procedure in a dynamic link library or code resource
`ceiling`		Rounds a number to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
`ceiling.math`		Rounds a number up, to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
`ceiling.precise`		Rounds a number the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. Regardless of the sign of the number, the number is rounded up.
`cell`		Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of a cell	`cell` is a volatile function.
`char`		Returns the character specified by the code number
`chidist`		Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
`chiinv`		Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
`chitest`		Returns the test for independence
`chisq.dist`		Returns the cumulative beta probability density function
`chisq.dist.rt`		Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
`chisq.inv`		Returns the cumulative beta probability density function
`chisq.inv.rt`		Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
`chisq.test`		Returns the test for independence
`choose`	`(n, "one", "two", "three"…)`	Chooses a value from a list of values
`clean`	`clean(text)`	Removes all nonprintable characters from text
`code`		Returns a numeric code for the first character in a text string
`column`		Returns the column number of a reference
`columns`		Returns the number of columns in a reference
`combin`		Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects
`combina`	`(number, number_chosen)`	Evaluates to the number of combinations (with repetitions) for a given number of items
`complex`		Converts real and imaginary coefficients into a textual representation of a complex number	The representation is for example `4+3i`.
`concat`		Combines the text from multiple ranges and/or strings, but it doesn't provide the delimiter or ignore empty arguments.	Compare with `concatenate()` and `textJoin()`
`concatenate`	`concatenate(text_1 [, text_2 [, text_3…]])`	Joins several text items into one text item	It is also possible to concatenate text pieces with the `&` operator: `"foo" & "bar" & "baz"`. Compare with `concat()` and `textJoin()`.
`confidence`		Returns the confidence interval for a population mean
`confidence.norm`		Returns the confidence interval for a population mean
`confidence.t`		Returns the confidence interval for a population mean, using a Student's t distribution
`convert`	`(val, unitFrom, unitTo)`	Converts a number from one measurement system to another (for example years to days or miles to kilometers)
`correl`		Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets
`cos`		Returns the cosine of a number
`cosh`		Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
`cot`		Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
`coth`		Returns the cotangent of an angle
`count`	`(arg [, arg_2 [, arg_3…]])`	Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments	Compare with `dCount()`
`countA`	`(A2:B9)` or `(arg [, arg_2 [, arg_3…]])`	Counts the number of the non-empty cells in a range, or the number of elements in a list.	Compare with `dCountA()`
`countBlank`	`(rng)`	Counts the number of blank cells within a Range
`countIf`		Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria
`countIfs`		Counts the number of cells within a range that meet multiple criteria
`coupdaybs`		Returns the number of days from the beginning of the coupon period to the settlement date
`coupdays`		Returns the number of days in the coupon period that contains the settlement date
`coupdaysnc`		Returns the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon date
`coupncd`		Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date
`coupnum`		Returns the number of coupons payable between the settlement date and maturity date
`couppcd`		Returns the previous coupon date before the settlement date
`covar`		Returns covariance, the average of the products of paired deviations
`covariance.p`		Returns covariance, the average of the products of paired deviations
`covariance.s`		Returns the sample covariance, the average of the products deviations for each data point pair in two data sets
`critbinom`		Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is less than or equal to a criterion value
`csc`		Returns the cosecant of an angle
`csch`		Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of an angle
`cubekpimember`		Returns a key performance indicator (KPI) name, property, and measure, and displays the name and property in the cell. A KPI is a quantifiable measurement, such as monthly gross profit or quarterly employee turnover, used to monitor an organization's performance.
`cubeMember`		Returns a member or tuple in a cube hierarchy. Use to validate that the member or tuple exists in the cube.
`cubeMemberProperty`		Returns the value of a member property in the cube. Use to validate that a member name exists within the cube and to return the specified property for this member.
`cubeRankedMember`		Returns the nth, or ranked, member in a set. Use to return one or more elements in a set, such as the top sales performer or top 10 students.
`cubeSet`		Defines a calculated set of members or tuples by sending a set expression to the cube on the server, which creates the set, and then returns that set to Microsoft Office Excel.
`cubeSetCount`		Returns the number of items in a set.
`cubeValue`		Returns an aggregated value from a cube.
`cumipmt`		Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods
`cumprinc`		Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between two periods
`date`		Returns the serial number of a particular date
`dateDif`	`(start_date, end_date, unit)`	Calculates the number units (`"D"`= days, `"M"` = months `"Y"` = years). Units can be prefixed with `Y` or `M` to ignore months and/or years.	Note, it's `dateDif`, not `dateDiff`. The name of this function does not appear in the intellisense-list.
`dateValue`		Converts a date in the form of text to a serial number	Compare with `timeValue()`
`dAverage`		Returns the average of selected database entries
`day`		Converts a serial number to a day of the month
`days`		Returns the number of days between two dates
`days360`		Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year
`db`		Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period by using the fixed-declining balance method
`dbcs`		Changes half-width (single-byte) English letters or katakana within a character string to full-width (double-byte) characters
`dCount`		Counts the cells that contain numbers in a database	Compare with `count()`
`dCountA`		Counts nonblank cells in a database	Compare with `countA()`
`ddb`		Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period by using the double-declining balance method or some other method that you specify
`dec2bin`, `dec2hex`, `dec2oct`		Converts a decimal number to binary, hexadecimal or octal	Compare with `base()` and `decimal()`
`decimal`	`(num, base)`	Converts a text representation of a number in a given base into a decimal number	Compare with `base()`
`degrees`		Converts radians to degrees
`delta`		Tests whether two values are equal
`devsq`		Returns the sum of squares of deviations
`dGet`		Extracts from a database a single record that matches the specified criteria
`disc`		Returns the discount rate for a security
`dmax`		Returns the maximum value from selected database entries
`dmin`		Returns the minimum value from selected database entries
`dollar`		Converts a number to text, using the $ (dollar) currency format
`dollarde`		Converts a dollar price, expressed as a fraction, into a dollar price, expressed as a decimal number
`dollarfr`		Converts a dollar price, expressed as a decimal number, into a dollar price, expressed as a fraction
`dProduct`		Multiplies the values in a particular field of records that match the criteria in a database
`dPtdev`		Estimates the standard deviation based on a sample of selected database entries
`dStdevp`		Calculates the standard deviation based on the entire population of selected database entries
`dSum`		Adds the numbers in the field column of records in the database that match the criteria	Compare with `sum()`
`duration`		Returns the annual duration of a security with periodic interest payments
`dVar`		Estimates variance based on a sample from selected database entries
`dVarp`		Calculates variance based on the entire population of selected database entries
`eDate`		Returns the serial number of the date that is the indicated number of months before or after the start date	Compare with `eoMonth()`
`effect`		Returns the effective annual interest rate
`encodeurl`	`(text)`	Returns a URL-encoded string
`eoMonth`		Returns the serial number of the last day of the month before or after a specified number of months	Compare with `eDate()`
`erf`		Returns the error function
`erf.precise`		Returns the error function
`erfc`		Returns the complementary error function
`erfc.precise`		Returns the complementary ERF function integrated between x and infinity
`error.type`		Returns a number corresponding to an error type
`euroconvert`		Converts a number to euros, converts a number from euros to a euro member currency, or converts a number from one euro member currency to another by using the euro as an intermediary (triangulation).
`even`		Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer	Compare with `isEven()` and `isOdd()`
`exact`	`(val_1, val_2)`	Compares two values case-sensitively; returns `true` or `false`.	In order to compare case-insensitively, use `= A1 = A2`
`exp`		Returns e raised to the power of a given number
`expon.dist`		Returns the exponential distribution
`expondist`		Returns the exponential distribution
`fact`		Returns the factorial of a number
`factdouble`		Returns the double factorial of a number
`false`		Returns the logical value `FALSE`
`f.dist`		Returns the F probability distribution
`fdist`		Returns the F probability distribution
`f.dist.rt`		Returns the F probability distribution
`fieldvalue`	`(value, fieldname)`		Returns field data from linked data types like Stocks or Geography data types. For most purposes, there are more convenient functions for linked data type related formulas, `fieldvalue` is supposed to be used mainly for creating conditional calculations based on linked data types
`filter`	`(rng, cond, if_empty)`	Filters a range of data based on criterias (similar to putting an SQL `where` condition) to the range.
`filterXml`		Returns specific data from the XML content by using the specified XPath
`find`	`(substr, text[, start_pos])`	Returns the position of the character in `text` at which `substr` is (case-sensitively) found (after `start_pos`). Evaluates to `#VALUE` if not found.	Compare with `search()` which is the case-insensitive variant of `find()`
`f.inv`		Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution
`f.inv.rt`		Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution
`finv`		Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution
`fisher`		Returns the Fisher transformation
`fisherinv`		Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation
`fixed`		Formats a number as text with a fixed number of decimals	Compare with `text()`
`floor`		Rounds a number down, toward zero
`floor.math`		Rounds a number down, to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
`floor.precise`		Rounds a number the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. Regardless of the sign of the number, the number is rounded up.
`forecast`		Returns a value along a linear trend	Compare with `trend()` and `growth()`
`in`		Returns a future value based on existing (historical) values by using the AAA version of the Exponential Smoothing (ETS) algorithm
`formulaText`		Returns the formula at the given reference as text
`frequency`		Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array
`f.test`		Returns the result of an F-test
`ftest`		Returns the result of an F-test
`fv`		Returns the future value of an investment
`fvschedule`		Returns the future value of an initial principal after applying a series of compound interest rates
`gamma`		Returns the Gamma function value
`gamma.dist`		Returns the gamma distribution
`gammadist`		Returns the gamma distribution
`gamma.inv`		Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution
`gammainv`		Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution
`gammaln`		Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x)
`gammaln.precise`		Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x)
`gauss`		Returns 0.5 less than the standard normal cumulative distribution
`gcd`		Returns the greatest common divisor
`geomean`		Returns the geometric mean
`gestep`		Tests whether a number is greater than a threshold value
`getpivotdata`	`(data_field, pivot_table [, field_1, item_1 [, field_2, item_2… ]])`	Returns data stored in a PivotTable report	Type `=` and then click field in pivot table to insert formula in worksheet.
`growth`		Returns values along an exponential trend	Compare with `forecast()` and `trend()`
`harmean`		Returns the harmonic mean
`hex2bin`, `hex2dec`, `hex2oct`		Converts a hexadecimal number to a binary, decimal, octal representation
`hLookup`		Looks in the top row of an array and returns the value of the indicated cell
`hour`		Converts a serial number to an hour
`hyperlink`	`(target [, friendly_name])`	`target` is a document stored on a network server, an intranet, or the Internet to be opened when the hyperlink is clicked.	See also Insert -> Links and the `hyperlink` object
`hypgeom.dist`		Returns the hypergeometric distribution
`hypgeomdist`		Returns the hypergeometric distribution
`if`	`(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)`	Evaluate to either `value_if_true` or `value_if_false` depending on the true/false value of `condition`	Compare with `switch()`
`iferror`		Returns a value you specify if a formula evaluates to an error; otherwise, returns the result of the formula
`ifna`		Returns the value you specify if the expression resolves to #N/A, otherwise returns the result of the expression
`ifs`		Checks whether one or more conditions are met and returns a value that corresponds to the first TRUE condition.
`imabs`		Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number
`imaginary`		Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number
`imargument`		Returns the argument theta, an angle expressed in radians
`imconjugate`		Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number
`imcos`		Returns the cosine of a complex number
`imcosh`		Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number
`imcot`		Returns the cotangent of a complex number
`imcsc`		Returns the cosecant of a complex number
`imcsch`		Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number
`imdiv`		Returns the quotient of two complex numbers
`imexp`		Returns the exponential of a complex number
`imln`		Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number
`imlog10`		Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex number
`imlog2`		Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number
`impower`		Returns a complex number raised to an integer power
`improduct`		Returns the product of complex numbers
`imreal`		Returns the real coefficient of a complex number
`imsec`		Returns the secant of a complex number
`imsech`		Returns the hyperbolic secant of a complex number
`imsin`		Returns the sine of a complex number
`imsinh`		Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number
`imsqrt`		Returns the square root of a complex number
`imsub`		Returns the difference between two complex numbers
`imsum`		Returns the sum of complex numbers
`imtan`		Returns the tangent of a complex number
`index`	`(array\|reference, rowNum [, colNum])`	Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array
`indirect`	`(address [, A1style])`	Returns a reference indicated by a text value	Compare with `offset()` which is another function that returns a reference. Compare also with `address`. `indirect` is a volatile function.
`info`	`(what)`	Returns information (about the current operating environment)	For example, `info("system")` might evaluate to `pcdos`. For some arguments, `info` is a volatile function.
`int`		Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
`intercept`		Returns the intercept of the linear regression line
`intrate`		Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security
`ipmt`		Returns the interest payment for an investment for a given period
`irr`		Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows
`isBlank`		Returns TRUE if the value is blank	A space is not considered a blank. Compare with the member `xlCellTypeBlanks` of the `xlCellType` enumeration.
`isErr`		Returns TRUE if the value is any error value except #N/A
`isError`		Returns TRUE if the value is any error value
`isEven` and `isOdd`	`(num)`	Returns TRUE if `num` is even or odd, respectively	Compare with `even()`
`isFormula`		Returns TRUE if there is a reference to a cell that contains a formula
`isLogical`		Returns TRUE if the value is a logical value
`isNA`		Returns TRUE if the value is the `#N/A` error value
`isNonText`		Returns TRUE if the value is not text
`isNumber`		Returns TRUE if the value is a number
`isRef`	`(arg)`	Returns `TRUE` if `arg` is a reference, false otherwise
`isText`		Returns TRUE if the value is text
`iso.ceiling`		Returns a number that is rounded up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
`isoWeekNum`		Returns the number of the ISO week number of the year for a given date
`isPmt`		Calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment
`jis`		Changes half-width (single-byte) characters within a string to full-width (double-byte) characters
`kurt`		Returns the kurtosis of a data set	Compare with `skew()`
`large`		Returns the k-th largest value in a data set	Compare wath `small`
`lcm`		Returns the least common multiple
`len`		Returns the number of characters in a text string
`let`	`(name_1, value_1 [, name_2, value_2… ], calculation)`
`linest`		Returns the parameters of a linear trend	Compare with `logest()` and `trend()`
`ln`		Returns the natural logarithm of a number
`log`		Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base
`log10`		Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
`logest`		Returns the parameters of an exponential trend	Compare with `linest()` and `trend()`
`loginv`		Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution
`lognorm.dist`		Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution
`lognormdist`		Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution
`lognorm.inv`		Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution
`lookup`	`(val, vec[, resVec])` / `(val; ary)`	Looks up values in a vector or array	Compare with `vLookup` and `hLookup` and `xLookup`
`lower`		Converts text to lowercase
`match`	`(value, array\|range [, match_type])`	Tries to find a value in a Range or an array and returns the (one based) index, if found
`max`		Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments
`maxA`		Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments, including numbers, text, and logical values
`maxIfs`		Returns the maximum value among cells specified by a given set of conditions or criteria
`mdeterm`		Returns the matrix determinant of an array
`mduration`		Returns the Macauley modified duration for a security with an assumed par value of $100
`median`		Returns the median of the given numbers
`mid`		Returns a specific number of characters from a text string starting at the position you specify
`min`		Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments
`minIfs`		Returns the minimum value among cells specified by a given set of conditions or criteria.
`minA`		Returns the smallest value in a list of arguments, including numbers, text, and logical values
`minute`		Converts a serial number to a minute
`minverse`		Returns the matrix inverse of an array
`mirr`		Returns the internal rate of return where positive and negative cash flows are financed at different rates
`mmult`		Returns the matrix product of two arrays
`mod`		Returns the remainder from division
`mode`		Returns the most common value in a data set
`mode.mult`		Returns a vertical array of the most frequently occurring, or repetitive values in an array or range of data
`mode.sngl`		Returns the most common value in a data set
`month`		Converts a serial number to a month
`mround`		Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple
`multinomial`		Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers
`munit`		Returns the unit matrix or the specified dimension
`n`		Returns a value converted to a number (`true` -> 1, date -> serial)	Compare with `t()`
`na`	`()`	Returns the error value `#N/A`	Don't confuse with column reference `NA`
`negbinom.dist`		Returns the negative binomial distribution
`negbinomdist`		Returns the negative binomial distribution
`networkdays`		Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates
`networkdays.intl`		Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates using parameters to indicate which and how many days are weekend days
`nominal`		Returns the annual nominal interest rate
`norm.dist`		Returns the normal cumulative distribution
`normdist`		Returns the normal cumulative distribution
`norminv`	`(probability, mean, standard_deviation)`	Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution	`norminv` can be used to create random numbers with a normal distribution: `norminv(rand(), x, y)`
`norm.inv`		Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution
`norm.s.dist`		Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution
`normsdist`		Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution
`norm.s.inv`		Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution
`normsinv`		Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution
`not`		Reverses the logic of its argument
`now`		Returns the serial number of the current date and time	`now` is a volatile function. See also `today`
`nper`		Returns the number of periods for an investment
`npv`		Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of periodic cash flows and a discount rate
`numberValue`		Converts text to number in a locale-independent manner	Compare to `value()`
`oct2bin`, `oct2dec`, `oct2hex`		Converts an octal number to a binary, decimal, hexadecimal representation
`odd`		Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer
`oddfprice`		Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd first period
`oddfyield`		Returns the yield of a security with an odd first period
`oddlprice`		Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd last period
`oddlyield`		Returns the yield of a security with an odd last period
`offset`	`(reference, rows, cols [, height [, width] ])`	Returns a reference offset from a given reference	Compare with `indirect()` which is another function that returns a reference. `offset` is a volatile function.
`or`		Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE
`pduration`		Returns the number of periods required by an investment to reach a specified value
`pearson`		Returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
`percentile.exc`		Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range, where k is in the range 0..1, exclusive
`percentile.inc`		Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range
`percentile`		Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range
`percentrank.exc`		Returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage (0..1, exclusive) of the data set
`percentrank.inc`		Returns the percentage rank of a value in a data set
`percentrank`		Returns the percentage rank of a value in a data set
`permut`		Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects
`permutationA`		Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects (with repetitions) that can be selected from the total objects
`phi`		Returns the value of the density function for a standard normal distribution
`phonetic`		Extracts the phonetic (furigana) characters from a text string
`pi`		Returns the value of pi
`pmt`		Returns the periodic payment for an annuity
`poisson.dist`		Returns the Poisson distribution
`poisson`		Returns the Poisson distribution
`power`		Returns the result of a number raised to a power
`ppmt`		Returns the payment on the principal for an investment for a given period
`price`		Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays periodic interest
`pricedisc`		Returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security
`pricemat`		Returns the price per $100 face value of a security that pays interest at maturity
`prob`		Returns the probability that values in a range are between two limits
`product`		Multiplies its arguments
`proper`		Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text value
`pv`		Returns the present value of an investment
`quartile`		Returns the quartile of a data set
`quartile.exc`		Returns the quartile of the data set, based on percentile values from 0..1, exclusive
`quartile.inc`		Returns the quartile of a data set
`quotient`		Returns the integer portion of a division
`radians`		Converts degrees to radians
`rand`		Returns a random number between 0 and 1
`randArray`	`([rows] [,cols] [,min] [, max] [, integer])`	Returns an array of random numbers between 0 and 1. However, you can specify the number of rows and columns to fill, minimum and maximum values, and whether to return whole numbers or decimal values.
`randBetween`		Returns a random number between the numbers you specify	`randBetween` is a volatile function.
`rank.avg`		Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers
`rank.eq`		Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers
`rank`		Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers
`rate`		Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity
`received`		Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security
`regextest`	`(text, pattern, [case_sensitivity])`	Checks if any part of supplied text matches a regex pattern. As of June 2024, only available in a Microsoft 365 insider program.
`regexextract`	`(text, pattern, [return_mode], [case_sensitivity])`	Extracts one or more parts of supplied text that match a regex pattern.. As of June 2024, only available in a Microsoft 365 insider program.
`regexreplace`	`(text, pattern, replacement, [occurrence], [case_sensitivity])`	Searches for a regex pattern within supplied text and replaces it with different text. . As of June 2024, only available in a Microsoft 365 insider program.
`register.id`		Returns the register ID of the specified dynamic link library (DLL) or code resource that has been previously registered
`replace`		Replaces characters within text	Compare with `substitute()`
`rept`		Repeats text a given number of times
`right`,`left`	`(text [, nofChars])`	Returns the rightmost/left characters from a text value
`roman`		Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text	Compare with `arabic()`
`round`	`(number, num_digits)`	Rounds `number` to `num_digits` decimals	Note that the `num_digits` parameter is not optional. Compare with `mround()`, `iso.ceiling()`, `int()`, `floor()` etc.
`rounddown`		Rounds a number down, toward zero
`roundup`		Rounds a number up, away from zero
`row`		Returns the row number of a reference
`rows`		Returns the number of rows in a reference
`rri`		Returns an equivalent interest rate for the growth of an investment
`rsq`		Returns the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
`rtd`		Retrieves real-time data from a program that supports COM automation
`search`	`(substr, text[, start_pos])`	Same as `find()` except that `search()` is not case-sensitive	Compare with `find()`
`sec`		Returns the secant of an angle
`sech`		Returns the hyperbolic secant of an angle
`second`		Converts a serial number to a second
`sequence`	`(rows [, cols] [,start] [,step])`	Generate numbers in an array
`series`			`series` is special in that it cannot be used in worksheets, instead, it is used in charts, especially in the `formula` property of the `series` object.
`seriessum`		Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula
`sheet`	`("sheetName")` or `(reference)`	Returns the sheet number of the referenced sheet
`sheets`		Returns the number of sheets in a reference
`sign`		Returns the sign of a number
`sin`		Returns the sine of the given angle
`sinh`		Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number
`skew`		Returns the skewness of a distribution	Compare with `kurt()`
`skew.p`		Returns the skewness of a distribution based on a population: a characterization of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean
`sln`		Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period
`slope`		Returns the slope of the linear regression line
`small`		Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set	Compare with `large`
`sort`	`(array, sortIndex, sortOrder, byCol)`	Sorts the contents of a range or array
`sortby`	`(array, byArray1, sortOrder1, … )`	Sorts the contents of a range or array based on the values in a corresponding range or array
`sqrt`		Returns a positive square root
`sqrtpi`		Returns the square root of (number * pi)
`standardize`		Returns a normalized value
`stdev`		Estimates standard deviation based on a sample
`stdev.p`		Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population
`stdev.s`		Estimates standard deviation based on a sample
`stdeva`		Estimates standard deviation based on a sample, including numbers, text, and logical values
`stdevp`		Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population
`stdevpa`		Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population, including numbers, text, and logical values
`steyx`		Returns the standard error of the predicted y-value for each x in the regression
`stockhistory`		Returns a (spilling) array with historical data about a financial instrument (requires a Microsoft 365 subscription).
`substitute`		Substitutes new text for old text in a text string	Compare with `replace()`
`subTotal`	`(funcNum, ref₁ [, ref₂…])`	Returns a subtotal in a list or database	Compare with `sum()` and `aggregate()`
`sum`		Adds its arguments	Compare with `dSum()`. The keyboard shortcut to insert a `=sum(…)` function is `alt` + `=`. Compare `sum()` with `subTotal()`
`sumIf`	`(range_comparison, criteria [, range_data])`	sums up the values in `range_data` whose corresponding values in `range_comparison` meet `criteria`	`sumIf` is a `cell` is a volatile function.
`sumIfs`	`(range_sum, range_crit_1, crit_1 [, range_crit_2, crit_2 … ])`	Sums up values of the cells in a range that meet multiple criteria
`sumProduct`		Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components
`sumSq`		Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments
`sumx2my2`		Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays
`sumx2py2`		Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays
`sumxmy2`		Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays
`switch`		Evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns the result corresponding to the first matching value. If there is no match, an optional default value may be returned.	Compare with `if()`
`syd`		Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period
`t`	`(value)`	If the data type of `value` is a text, `t()` evaluates to `value`. If the data type is boolean or number, `t()` evaluates to `""`.	Compare with `n()`
`tan`		Returns the tangent of a number
`tanh`		Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
`tbilleq`		Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill
`tbillprice`		Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill
`tbillyield`		Returns the yield for a Treasury bill
`t.dist`		Returns the Percentage Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution
`t.dist.2t`		Returns the Percentage Points (probability) for the Student t-distribution
`t.dist.rt`		Returns the Student's t-distribution
`tdist`		Returns the Student's t-distribution
`text`	`text(txt; formatString)`	Formats a number and converts it to text	For example `=format(78.3, "00000.00")` evaluates to `00078.30`. Compare with `fixed()`
`textJoin()`		Combines the text from multiple ranges and/or strings, and includes a delimiter you specify between each text value that will be combined. If the delimiter is an empty text string, this function will effectively concatenate the ranges.	Compare with `concat()` and `concatenate()`
`time`		Returns the serial number of a particular time
`timevalue`		Converts a time in the form of text to a serial number	Compare with `dateValue()`
`t.inv`		Returns the t-value of the Student's t-distribution as a function of the probability and the degrees of freedom
`t.inv.2t`		Returns the inverse of the Student's t-distribution
`tinv`		Returns the inverse of the Student's t-distribution
`today`		Returns the serial number of today's date	`today` is a volatile function. See also `now`
`transpose`	`(range)`	Returns the transpose of a (possibly multidimensional array (or Range)	In order for `transpose` to make sense, it probably needs to be entered as array formula (aka control-shift-enter or CSE formula)
`trend`		Returns values along a linear trend	Compare with `linest()`,`logest()` and `forecast()`
`trim`		Removes spaces from text
`trimmean`		Returns the mean of the interior of a data set
`true`		Returns the logical value `TRUE`
`trunc`		Truncates a number to an integer
`t.test`		Returns the probability associated with a Student's t-test
`ttest`		Returns the probability associated with a Student's t-test
`type`	`(val)`	Returns a number indicating the data type of `val`: 1 = number, 2 = text, 4 = logical value, 8 = error value, 64 = array
`unichar`		Returns the Unicode character that is referenced by the given numeric value	Compare with `unicode`
`unicode`		Returns the code point that corresponds to the first character of the text	Compare with `unichar`
`unique`	`(array [,byCol] [,exactlyOnce)`	Returns a list of unique values in a list or range
`upper`		Converts text to uppercase
`value`		Converts a text argument to a number	Compare to `numberValue()`
`var`		Estimates variance based on a sample
`var.p`		Calculates variance based on the entire population
`var.s`		Estimates variance based on a sample
`vara`		Estimates variance based on a sample, including numbers, text, and logical values
`varp`		Calculates variance based on the entire population
`varpa`		Calculates variance based on the entire population, including numbers, text, and logical values
`vdb`		Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified or partial period by using a declining balance method
`vLookup`		Looks in the first column of an array and moves across the row to return the value of a cell	Compare with `lookup` and `hLookup` and `xLookup`
`webservice`		Returns data from a web service.
`weekday`		Converts a serial number to a day (number) of the week	There seems to be no built-in function that returns the name of a weekday.
`weeknum`		Converts a serial number to a number representing where the week falls numerically with a year
`weibull`		Calculates variance based on the entire population, including numbers, text, and logical values
`weibull.dist`		Returns the Weibull distribution
`workday`		Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of workdays
`workday.intl`		Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of workdays using parameters to indicate which and how many days are weekend days
`xirr`		Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic
`xLookup`		`xLookup` is an improved version of `vLookup` that works in both directions, horizontally and vertically and returns exact matches by default. It searches a range or an array, and returns an item corresponding to the first match it finds. If a match doesn't exist, then `xLookup` can return the closest (approximate) match.	Compare with `lookup`, `hLookup` and `vLookup`
`xMatch`		Returns the relative position of an item in an array or range of cells.
`xnpv`		Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic
`xor`		Returns a logical exclusive OR of all arguments
`year`		Converts a serial number to a year
`yearfrac`		Returns the year fraction representing the number of whole days between start_date and end_date
`yield`		Returns the yield on a security that pays periodic interest
`yielddisc`		Returns the annual yield for a discounted security; for example, a Treasury bill
`yieldmat`		Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity
`z.test`		Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a z-test
`ztest`		Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a z-test

Excel worksheet functions

Index of functions

See also