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Oracle Database Objects

Object types

There is quite a list of available object types. The list of object types can be queried by first expanding the SQL statement text of dba_objects … 
declare
   c clob;
begin
   dbms_utility.expand_sql_text('select*from"DBA_OBJECTS"', c);
   dbms_output.put_line(c);
end;
… and then finding the relevant decode statement: 
decode("A14"."TYPE#",
  0, 'NEXT OBJECT',
  1, 'INDEX'      ,
  2, 'TABLE'
  …
)
This gives me the list of possible object types (19c).
152 ANALYTIC VIEW
61 APPLY Aka APPLY PROCESS (catmetviews_mig.sql)
87 ASSEMBLY
151 ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION
60 CAPTURE Aka CAPTURE PROCESS (catmetviews_mig.sql)
73 CDC CHANGE SET As per catmetviews_mig.sql
79 CHAIN Aka SCHEDULER JOB CHAIN (catmetviews_mig.sql)
3 CLUSTER A is an object that stores data from one or more tables
48 CONSUMER GROUP Aka SCHEDULER CLASS (catmetviews_mig.sql)
111 CONTAINER
44 CONTEXT
38 CONTEXT POLICY OBJECT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
90 CREDENTIAL
95 CUBE BUILD PROCESS
93 CUBE
92 CUBE DIMENSION
102 CURSOR STATS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
85 DATA SECURITY DOCUMENT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
129 DATABASE VAULT RULE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
130 DATABASE VAULT RULE SET As per catmetviews_mig.sql
101 DESTINATION Aka JOB SCHEDULER NAMED DESTINATION (catmetviews_mig.sql)
43 DIMENSION
23 DIRECTORY A Directory is an abstraction for a directory/folder on the file system where the Oracle Instance is running. Such directories can be used for example in conjunction with the BFILE data type.
182 DOMAIN New in 23c
57 EDITION Aka SECURITY PROFILE (catmetviews_mig.sql)
62 EVALUATION CONTEXT Aka RULE EVALUATION CONTEXT (catmetviews_mig.sql)
154 EXPRESSION HEADER As per catmetviews_mig.sql
155 EXPRESSION OBJECT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
81 FILE GROUP Aka STREAMS FILE GROUP JOB (catmetviews_mig.sql)
100 FILE WATCHER Aka SCHEDULER FILE WATCHER (catmetviews_mig.sql)
8 FUNCTION An editionable type.
108 FUSION XS NAMESPACE TEMPLATES As per catmetviews_mig.sql
97 FUSION XS PARAMETERS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
110 FUSION XS SECURITY ACL As per catmetviews_mig.sql
109 FUSION XS SECURITY CLASS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
150 HIERARCHY
76 HINTSET As per catmetviews_mig.sql
1 INDEX
35 INDEX SUBPARTITION
20 INDEX PARTITION
32 INDEXTYPE
153 INMEMORY TABLE COMPRESSION As per catmetviews_mig.sql
25 IOT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
65 KGL TEST As per catmetviews_mig.sql
132 LABEL SECURITY LABEL-PID CACHE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
131 LABEL SECURITY POCLICY-TABLE CACHE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
89 LIGHTWEIGHT JOBS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
84 LIGHT WEIGHT SESSION As per catmetviews_mig.sql
17 LINK As per catmetviews_mig.sql
63 LOG_BASED REPL SOURCE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
56 JAVA DATA Aka JAVA SHARED DATA (catmetviews_mig.sql)
30 JAVA RESOURCE
28 JAVA SOURCE
29 JAVA CLASS
31 JAVA JAR As per catmetviews_mig.sql
66 JOB Aka SCHEDULER JOB (catmetviews_mig.sql). Compare with programs.
68 JOB CLASS Aka SCHEDULER CLASS (catmetviews_mig.sql)
22 LIBRARY An editionable type.
41 LOB SUBPARTITION
40 LOB PARTITION
21 LOB
52 LOCATION Aka LOCATION INFORMATION (catmetviews_mig.sql)
148 LOCKDOWN PROFILE = Application lockdown profile?
42 MATERIALIZED VIEW, REWRITE EQUIVALENCE or MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP Object type further determined based on value of xpflags in joined table sys.sum$. A Materialized View stores the result of an SQL query. Associated with a Materialized View is the Materialized View Log. (Aka SUMMARY, see catmetviews_mig.sql)
94 MEASURE FOLDER
82 MINING MODEL
144 MINING MODEL PARTITION
163 MLE LANGUAGE New in 23c (or 21c?)
180 MLE MODULE New in 23c (or 21c?)
181 MLE ENVIRONMENT Metadata that complements MLE modules. New in 23c (or 21c?)
70 MULTI-VERSIONED OBJECT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
0 NEXT OBJECT
33 OPERATOR
15 OBJECT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
99 OBJECT ID As per catmetviews_mig.sql
45 OUTLINE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
122 OLS COMPARTMENT NUMBER TO SHORT NAME MAPPINGS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
123 OLS COMPARTMENT SHORT NAME TO NUMBER MAPPINGS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
119 OLS ILABELS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
120 OLS GROUP NUMBER TO SHORT NAME MAPPINGS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
124 OLS LEVEL NUMBER TO SHORT NAME MAPPINGS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
125 OLS LEVEL SHORT NAME TO NUMBER MAPPINGS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
133 OLS READ CONTROL RELATED CACHE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
121 OLS SHORT NAME TO NUMBER MAPPINGS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
128 OLS USERS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
134 OLS$AUDIT OPTIONS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
127 OPTIMIZER DIRECTIVE OWNER As per catmetviews_mig.sql
126 OPTIMIZER FINDING As per catmetviews_mig.sql
50 PENDING SchEDULER CLASS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
49 PENDING SchEDULER PLAN As per catmetviews_mig.sql
16 USER As per catmetviews_mig.sql. While users are objects, roles are not.
135 USER PRIVILEGES As per catmetviews_mig.sql
11 PACKAGE BODY An editionable type.
9 PACKAGE An editionable type.
18 PIPE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
111 PLUGGABLE DATABASE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
7 PROCEDURE An editionable type.
67 PROGRAM Aka SCHEDULER PROGRAM (catmetviews_mig.sql). Compare with jobs.
179 PROPERTY GRAPH New in 23c (or 21c?)
39 PUB_SUB INTERNAL INFORMATION As per catmetviews_mig.sql
24 QUEUE A Queue enqueues and dequeues messages and is managed by Oracle Streams Advanced Queueing (AQ). These messages are stored in Queue Tables.
137 QUEUE DURABLE SUBSCRIBERS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
53 REMOTE OBJECTS INFO As per catmetviews_mig.sql
53 REMOTE OBJECT REFERENCE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
54 REPAPI SNAPSHOT METADATA As per catmetviews_mig.sql
37 REPLICATION INTERNAL PACKAGE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
26 REPLICATION OBJECXT GROUP As per catmetviews_mig.sql
27 REPLICATION PROPAGATOR As per catmetviews_mig.sql
78 RESOURCE MANAGER CDB PLAN As per catmetviews_mig.sql
47 RESOURCE PLAN Aka SCHEDULER PLAN (catmetviews_mig.sql), see also Resource Manager.
46 RULE SET Aka RULESET OBJECT (catmetviews_mig.sql)
59 RULE
74 SCHEDULE Aka SCHEDULER SCHEDULE (catmetviews_mig.sql)
77 SCHEDULER ATTRIBUTES As per catmetviews_mig.sql
83 SCHEDULER EVENT QUEUE INFO As per catmetviews_mig.sql
72 SCHEDULER GROUP Aka SCHEDULER WINDOW GROUP (catmetviews_mig.sql)
118 SCHEDULER IN-MEMORY JOBS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
71 SCHEDULER JOB SLAVE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
136 SCHEDULER RESOURCE CONSTRAINT As per catmetviews_mig.sql
86 SECURITY CLASS As per catmetviews_mig.sql
6 SEQUENCE
36 SERVER-SIDE REPAPI As per catmetviews_mig.sql
117 SPATIAL CRS DIMENSION METADATA As per catmetviews_mig.sql
112 SPATIAL GEOM METADATA As per catmetviews_mig.sql
116 SPATIAL FEATURE USAGE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
107 SPATIAL INDEX METADATA As per catmetviews_mig.sql
113 SPATIAL SRID METADATA As per catmetviews_mig.sql
114 SQL TRANSLATION PROFILE AN SQL Translator converts a non-Oracle SQL dialect to SQL Statements that are understood by Oracle. An editionable type.
75 SQL TUNING BASE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
80 STRACH PAD As per catmetviews_mig.sql (should this be SCRATCH PAD?)
64 STREAM DDL As per catmetviews_mig.sql
96 STREAM PROPAGATION As per catmetviews_mig.sql
88 STUB As per catmetviews_mig.sql
51 SUBSCRIPTION Aka SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION (catmetviews_mig.sql)
5 SYNONYM An editionable type.
2 TABLE A table is the fundamental object to store data in a database.
19 TABLE PARTITION
34 TABLE SUBPARTITION
106 TABLE-INDEX PARTITION CACHE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
103 TEXT MVDATA CACHE As per catmetviews_mig.sql
105 TEXT MVDATA -F As per catmetviews_mig.sql
104 TEXT MVDATA -M As per catmetviews_mig.sql
58 TRANSFORMATION As per catmetviews_mig.sql
12 TRIGGER An editionable type.
14 TYPE BODY An editionable type.
13 TYPE An editionable type.
115 UNIFIED AUDIT POLICY Aka AUDIT POLICy (catmetviews_mig.sql)
4 VIEW An editionable type.
69 WINDOW Aka SCHEDULER WINDOW (catmetviews_mig.sql)
98 XDB REPOSITORY As per catmetviews_mig.sql
55 XML SCHEMA Aka IFS DATA (catmetviews_mig.sql)
I thought a database link is an object type as well, but apparently is not so.
The set of types that are editionable depends on the value of the the init parameter compatible and can be queried from v$editionable_types.
TODO: Are these objects defined in kgl.h?

Data dictionary

Oracle stores information about database objects in the data dictionary.
A list of all objects is found in dba_objects.
Invalid objects are listed in dba_invalid_objects

OBJ$

Internally, «under the hood», Oracle stores basic object information in sys.obj$.

Ownership

Objects (with the exemption of certain types?) have an owner, which is a user. The objects are found in the user's schema.

Privileges

In order for users to be able to access an Object, they must be granted the respective privileges.
The matrix of grants and objects can be queried through the data dictionary views dba_tab_privs, all_tab_privs and user_tab_privs.

Object names

Every object has a name.
All names must be unique within an object namespace.
The maximum length of the name is 128 bytes if compatible is set to at least 12.2.0 and 30 bytes otherwise.
If names are unquoted, they are silently converted to uppercase. Thus, the following two statements are considered equal: 
SELECT col_a, col_b from TAB;
SELECT COL_A, COL_B from TAB;
Names can be quoted with double-apostrophes. Quoted names are case sensitive and allow for funny characters: 
create table "The bad & the ugly!" ("x/y" number, "20% rule" varchar2(10));
Object names should not start with either SYS_ or ORA_ because SYS_* is used objects implicitly created by Oracle and ORA_ is used for Oracle supplied objects.
An object (except a private temporary table) whose name starts with the prefix which is specified for private temporary tables (i. e. the value of the init parameter private_temp_table_prefix) results in the error message ORA-32463: cannot create an object with a name matching private temporary table prefix.

SYS.EXPPKGOBJ$

The sys.exppkgobj$ table registers PL/SQL packages which allows to export (and/or import?) specific types: 
select
   type#,
   schema,
   package,
   decode(class,
     1, 'system',
     2, 'schema',
     3, 'object instance'
   )                       class,
   prepost,
   level#    -- Ordering in dump file of objects exported at same time
from
   sys.exppkgobj$
order by
   level#;
TODO: Compare with sys.exppkgact$ and sys.impcalloutreg$.

See also

Definitions of an object can be extracted as DDL statements or XML documents using the dbms_metadata package.
Metadata of Oracle objects can be described in SXML.
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utldtree.sql creates tables and views that show dependencies between objects.
Renaming objects (tables, views, sequences and private synonyms) with the SQL verb rename.
The DDL statement to (re-)create an object can be obtained with dbms_metadata.get_ddl.
dbms_utility.name_resolve
Show columns of an index
Installing database objects with ExecuteNonQuery() of Oracle.DataAccess.Client.OracleCommand.
Manipulation of Objects and performed SQL execution on them can be tracked by auditing them.
The Toad Schema Browser shows all(?) information belong to an object by simply clicking on it.
It's not possible to store database objects in a temporary tablespace (however, the column name tablespace_name in dba_private_temp_tables seems to indicate that data stored in a private temporary table may be stored in a temporary tablespace).

Index