.htaccess

Create a 301 (Moved permanently) redirection

RewriteEngine On
Redirect 301 /path/to/ressource.html https://renenyffenegger.ch/notes/development/Apache/Server/htaccess

Note: the redirected path seems to be required to be stated absolutely, even if the .htaccess files is placed in the same directory where the redirected ressource is stored.

Enable php within html documents

The following snippet enables PHP within html documents:

AddHandler application/x-httpd-php .html .htm

In previous(?) or other(?) versions of Apache and/or PHP, the following handler needed to be installed:

AddHandler php5-fastcgi .htm .html

On yet another Apache Server, I had to use:

SetHandler php-script

Serve handler.php no matter what was requested

With the following snippet, any request will be served by handler.php.

RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^.* handler.php

Within the PHP script, the requested URI can be accessed with $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'].

DirectoryIndex

If URL is a path only, Serve file.one if existing else serve file.two (if existing).

DirectoryIndex file.one file.two

Force files without suffix to be served as text/html files

Without suffix, Apache is apparently unable to determine a MIME type.

In order to force the MIME type for files without suffix, the following snippet should do:

<FilesMatch "^[^\.]+$">
  ForceType text/html
</FilesMatch>

Respond with 404 for directories and subdirectories

RewriteEngine On
ErrorDocument 404 https://url.xyz/path/to/404-document.html
Redirect 404 /path/of/directory/to/create/404/for

Don't serve .git directories

RedirectMatch 404 /\.git

Set PHP include path

Some sources on the Internet claim that it is possible to set the PHP include path with the following directive:

php_value  include_path  ".:/home/rene/php"

However, when I tried that, I got the error message Invalid command 'php_value', perhaps misspelled or defined by a module not included in the server configuration.

I was able to set the include path with a .user.ini file (to be placed in the same location as the .htaccess file) like so, though:

include_path=".:/home/rene/php"

Let Apache serve suspicious files with names like wget, too.

For security reasons, Apache does by default not really like to serve URIs that contain the word wget etc.

This behaviour can be turned off with the following snippet:

<IfModule mod_security.c>
  SecFilterEngine Off
  SecFilterScanPOST Off
</IfModule>

Redirect HTTP to HTTPS

Redirect a request to http://abc.yz/foo/bar.html to https://abc.yz/foo/bar.html.

In order to take effect for any url, the following .htaccess must pe put in the root directory.

The R=301 indicates a permanent redirect. Just an R would default to 302 (=Found). The L indicates the last rule (see also the .htaccess flags)

Since %{REQUEST_URI} apparently always starts with a slash, there is no need for a slash between the servername and the URI.

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://renenyffenegger.ch%{REQUEST_URI} [R=301,L]

The following snippet didn't work in subdirectories. Apparently the regular expression only matches the last part of the URI:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^ 443 $
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [L]

Flags

This Stackoverflow answer provides a list of .htaccess flags:

C	chained with next rule
CO=cookie	set specified cookie
E=var:value	set environment variable var to value
F	forbidden - sends a 403 header to the user
G	gone - no longer exists
H=handler	set handler
L	last - stop processing rules Last rule: instructs the server to stop rewriting after the preceding directive is processed.
N	next - continue processing rules
NC	case insensitive
NE	do not escape special URL characters in output
NS	ignore this rule if the request is a subrequest
P	proxy - i.e., apache should grab the remote content specified in the substitution section and return it
PT	pass through - use when processing URLs with additional handlers, e.g., mod_alias
R	temporary redirect to new URL
R=301	permanent redirect to new URL
QSA	append query string from request to substituted URL
S=x	skip next x rules
T=mime-type	force specified mime type